# Bilinear Form Integrators


Bilinear form integrators are at the heart of any finite element method, they are used to compute the integrals of products of basis functions over individual mesh elements (or sometimes over edges or faces). Typically each element is contained in the support of several basis functions of both the domain and range spaces, therefore bilinear integrators simultaneously compute the integrals of all combinations of the relevant basis functions from the domain and range spaces. This produces a two dimensional array of results that are arranged into a small dense matrix of integral values called a local element (stiffness) matrix.

To put this another way, the BilinearForm class builds a global, sparse, finite element matrix, glb_mat, by performing the outer loop in the following pseudocode snippet whereas the BilinearFormIntegrator class performs the nested inner loops to compute the dense local element matrix, loc_mat.

for each elem in elements
loc_mat = 0.0
for each u_j in elem
for each v_i in elem
loc_mat(i,j) += w(pt) * u_j(pt) v_i(pt)
end
end
end
glb_mat += loc_mat
end


There are three types of integrals that typically arise although many other, more exotic, forms are possible:

• Integrals involving Scalar basis functions: $\int_\Omega \lambda\, u v$
• Integrals involving Vector basis functions: $\int_\Omega \lambda\, \vec{u}\cdot\vec{v}$
• Integrals involving Scalar and Vector basis functions: $\int_\Omega u\,\vec{\lambda}\cdot\vec{v}$

The BilinearFormIntegrator classes allow MFEM to produce a wide variety of local element matrices without modifying the BilinearForm class. Many of the possible operators are collected below into tables that briefly describe their action and requirements.

In the tables below the Space column refers to finite element spaces which implement the following methods:

Space Operator Derivative Operator
H1 CalcShape CalcDShape
ND CalcVShape CalcCurlShape
RT CalcVShape CalcDivShape
L2 CalcShape None

The Coef. column refers to the types of coefficients that are available. A boldface coefficient type is required whereas most coefficients are optional.

Coef. Type
S Scalar Valued Function
V Vector Valued Function
D Diagonal Matrix Function
M General Matrix Function

Notation: The integrals performed by the various integrators listed below are shown using inner product notation, $(\cdot,\cdot)$, defined as follows.

$$(\lambda u, v)\equiv \int_\Omega \lambda u v$$ $$(\lambda\vec{u}, \vec{v})\equiv \int_\Omega\lambda\vec{u}\cdot\vec{v}$$

Where $u$ or $\vec{u}$ is a function in the domain (or trial) space and $v$ or $\vec{v}$ is in the range (or test) space. For boundary integrators, the integrals are over $\partial \Omega$. Face integrators integrate over the interior and boundary faces of mesh elements and are denoted with $\left<\cdot,\cdot\right>$.

Note that any operators involving a derivative of the range function $v$ or $\vec{v}$ are computed using integration by parts. This leads to a boundary integral which can be used to apply Neumann boundary conditions. Some of these operators are listed along with their boundary terms in section Weak Operators.

## Scalar Field Operators

These operators require scalar-valued trial spaces. Many of these operators will work with either H1 or L2 basis functions but some that require a gradient operator should be used with H1.

### Square Operators

These integrators are designed to be used with the BilinearForm object to assemble square linear operators.

Class Name Spaces Coef. Operator Continuous Op. Dimension
MassIntegrator H1, L2 S $(\lambda u, v)$ $\lambda u$ 1D, 2D, 3D
DiffusionIntegrator H1 S, M $(\lambda\grad u, \grad v)$ $-\div(\lambda\grad u)$ 1D, 2D, 3D

### Mixed Operators

These integrators are designed to be used with the MixedBilinearForm object to assemble square or rectangular linear operators.

Class Name Domain Range Coef. Operator Continuous Op. Dimension
MixedScalarMassIntegrator H1, L2 H1, L2 S $(\lambda u, v)$ $\lambda u$ 1D, 2D, 3D
MixedScalarWeakDivergenceIntegrator H1, L2 H1 V $(-\vec{\lambda}u,\grad v)$ $\div(\vec{\lambda}u)$ 2D, 3D
MixedScalarWeakDerivativeIntegrator H1, L2 H1 S $(-\lambda u, \ddx{v})$ $\ddx{}(\lambda u)\;$ 1D
MixedScalarWeakCurlIntegrator H1, L2 ND S $(\lambda u,\curl\vec{v})$ $\curl(\lambda\,u\,\hat{z})\;$ 2D
MixedVectorProductIntegrator H1, L2 ND, RT V $(\vec{\lambda}u,\vec{v})$ $\vec{\lambda}u$ 2D, 3D
MixedScalarWeakCrossProductIntegrator H1, L2 ND, RT V $(\vec{\lambda} u\,\hat{z},\vec{v})$ $\vec{\lambda}\times\,\hat{z}\,u$ 2D
MixedScalarWeakGradientIntegrator H1, L2 RT S $(-\lambda u, \div\vec{v})$ $\grad(\lambda u)$ 2D, 3D
MixedDirectionalDerivativeIntegrator H1 H1, L2 V $(\vec{\lambda}\cdot\grad u, v)$ $\vec{\lambda}\cdot\grad u$ 2D, 3D
MixedScalarCrossGradIntegrator H1 H1, L2 V $(\vec{\lambda}\cross\grad u, v)$ $\vec{\lambda}\cross\grad u$ 2D
MixedScalarDerivativeIntegrator H1 H1, L2 S $(\lambda \ddx{u}, v)$ $\lambda\ddx{u}\;$ 1D
MixedGradGradIntegrator H1 H1 S, D, M $(\lambda\grad u,\grad v)$ $-\div(\lambda\grad u)$ 2D, 3D
MixedCrossGradGradIntegrator H1 H1 V $(\vec{\lambda}\cross\grad u,\grad v)$ $-\div(\vec{\lambda}\cross\grad u)$ 2D, 3D
MixedVectorGradientIntegrator H1 ND, RT S, D, M $(\lambda\grad u,\vec{v})$ $\lambda\grad u$ 2D, 3D
MixedCrossGradIntegrator H1 ND, RT V $(\vec{\lambda}\cross\grad u,\vec{v})$ $\vec{\lambda}\cross\grad u$ 3D
MixedCrossGradCurlIntegrator H1 ND V $(\vec{\lambda}\times\grad u, \curl\vec{v})$ $\curl(\vec{\lambda}\times\grad u)$ 3D
MixedGradDivIntegrator H1 RT V $(\vec{\lambda}\cdot\grad u, \div\vec{v})$ $-\grad(\vec{\lambda}\cdot\grad u)$ 2D, 3D

### Other Scalar Operators

Class Name Domain Range Coef. Dimension Operator Notes
DerivativeIntegrator H1, L2 H1, L2 S 1D, 2D, 3D $(\lambda\frac{\partial u}{\partial x_i}, v)$ The direction index "i" is passed by the user. See MixedDirectionalDerivativeIntegrator for a more general alternative.
ConvectionIntegrator H1 H1 V 1D, 2D, 3D $(\vec{\lambda}\cdot\grad u, v)$ This is designed to be used with BilinearForm to produce a square matrix. See MixedDirectionalDerivativeIntegrator for a rectangular version.
GroupConvectionIntegrator H1 H1 V 1D, 2D, 3D $(\alpha\vec{\lambda}\cdot\grad u, v)$ Uses the "group" finite element formulation for advection due to Fletcher.
BoundaryMassIntegrator H1, L2 H1, L2 S 1D, 2D, 3D $(\lambda\,u,v)$ Computes a mass matrix on the exterior faces of a domain. See MassIntegrator above for a more general version.

## Vector Finite Element Operators

These operators require vector-valued basis functions in the trial space. Many of these operators will work with either ND or RT basis functions but others require one or the other.

### Square Operators

These integrators are designed to be used with the BilinearForm object to assemble square linear operators.

Class Name Spaces Coef. Operator Continuous Op. Dimension
VectorFEMassIntegrator ND, RT S, D, M $(\lambda\vec{u},\vec{v})$ $\lambda\vec{u}$ 2D, 3D
CurlCurlIntegrator ND S $(\lambda\curl\vec{u},\curl\vec{v})$ $\curl(\lambda\curl\vec{u})$ 2D, 3D
DivDivIntegrator RT S $(\lambda\div\vec{u},\div\vec{v})$ $-\grad(\lambda\div\vec{u})$ 2D, 3D

### Mixed Operators

These integrators are designed to be used with the MixedBilinearForm object to assemble square or rectangular linear operators.

Class Name Domain Range Coef. Operator Continuous Op. Dimension
MixedDotProductIntegrator ND, RT H1, L2 V $(\vec{\lambda}\cdot\vec{u},v)$ $\vec{\lambda}\cdot\vec{u}$ 2D, 3D
MixedScalarCrossProductIntegrator ND, RT H1, L2 V $(\vec{\lambda}\cross\vec{u},v)$ $\vec{\lambda}\cross\vec{u}$ 2D
MixedVectorWeakDivergenceIntegrator ND, RT H1 S, D, M $(-\lambda\vec{u},\grad v)$ $\div(\lambda\vec{u})$ 2D, 3D
MixedWeakDivCrossIntegrator ND, RT H1 V $(-\vec{\lambda}\cross\vec{u},\grad v)$ $\div(\vec{\lambda}\cross\vec{u})$ 3D
MixedVectorMassIntegrator ND, RT ND, RT S, D, M $(\lambda\vec{u},\vec{v})$ $\lambda\vec{u}$ 2D, 3D
MixedCrossProductIntegrator ND, RT ND, RT V $(\vec{\lambda}\cross\vec{u},\vec{v})$ $\vec{\lambda}\cross\vec{u}$ 3D
MixedVectorWeakCurlIntegrator ND, RT ND S, D, M $(\lambda\vec{u},\curl\vec{v})$ $\curl(\lambda\vec{u})$ 3D
MixedWeakCurlCrossIntegrator ND, RT ND V $(\vec{\lambda}\cross\vec{u},\curl\vec{v})$ $\curl(\vec{\lambda}\cross\vec{u})$ 3D
MixedScalarWeakCurlCrossIntegrator ND, RT ND V $(\vec{\lambda}\cross\vec{u},\curl\vec{v})$ $\curl(\vec{\lambda}\cross\vec{u})$ 2D
MixedWeakGradDotIntegrator ND, RT RT V $(-\vec{\lambda}\cdot\vec{u},\div\vec{v})$ $\grad(\vec{\lambda}\cdot\vec{u})$ 2D, 3D
MixedScalarCurlIntegrator ND H1, L2 S $(\lambda\curl\vec{u},v)$ $\lambda\curl\vec{u}\;$ 2D
MixedCrossCurlGradIntegrator ND H1 V $(\vec{\lambda}\cross\curl\vec{u},\grad v)$ $-\div(\vec{\lambda}\cross\curl\vec{u})$ 3D
MixedVectorCurlIntegrator ND ND, RT S, D, M $(\lambda\curl\vec{u},\vec{v})$ $\lambda\curl\vec{u}$ 3D
MixedCrossCurlIntegrator ND ND, RT V $(\vec{\lambda}\cross\curl\vec{u},\vec{v})$ $\vec{\lambda}\cross\curl\vec{u}$ 3D
MixedScalarCrossCurlIntegrator ND ND, RT V $(\vec{\lambda}\cross\hat{z}\,\curl\vec{u},\vec{v})$ $\vec{\lambda}\cross\hat{z}\,\curl\vec{u}$ 2D
MixedCurlCurlIntegrator ND ND S, D, M $(\lambda\curl\vec{u},\curl\vec{v})$ $\curl(\lambda\curl\vec{u})$ 3D
MixedCrossCurlCurlIntegrator ND ND V $(\vec{\lambda}\cross\curl\vec{u},\curl\vec{v})$ $\curl(\vec{\lambda}\cross\curl\vec{u})$ 3D
MixedScalarDivergenceIntegrator RT H1, L2 S $(\lambda\div\vec{u}, v)$ $\lambda \div\vec{u}$ 2D, 3D
MixedDivGradIntegrator RT H1 V $(\vec{\lambda}\div\vec{u}, \grad v)$ $-\div(\vec{\lambda}\div\vec{u})$ 2D, 3D
MixedVectorDivergenceIntegrator RT ND, RT V $(\vec{\lambda}\div\vec{u}, \vec{v})$ $\vec{\lambda}\div\vec{u}$ 2D, 3D

### Other Vector Finite Element Operators

Class Name Domain Range Coef. Operator Dimension Notes
VectorFEDivergenceIntegrator RT H1, L2 S $(\lambda\div\vec{u}, v)$ 2D, 3D Alternate implementation of MixedScalarDivergenceIntegrator.
VectorFEWeakDivergenceIntegrator ND H1 S $(-\lambda\vec{u},\grad v)$ 2D, 3D See MixedVectorWeakDivergenceIntegrator for a more general implementation.
VectorFECurlIntegrator ND, RT ND, RT S $(\lambda\curl\vec{u},\vec{v})$ or $(\lambda\vec{u},\curl\vec{v})$ 3D If the domain is ND then the Curl operator is returned, if the range is ND then the weak Curl is returned, otherwise a failure is encountered. See MixedVectorCurlIntegrator and MixedVectorWeakCurlIntegrator for more general implementations.

## Vector Field Operators

These operators require vector-valued basis functions constructed by using multiple copies of scalar fields. In each of these integrators the scalar basis function index increments most quickly followed by the vector index. This leads to local element matrix which have a block structure.

### Square Operators

Class Name Spaces Coef. Dimension Operator Notes
VectorMassIntegrator $H_1^d$, $L_2^d$ S, D, M 1D, 2D, 3D $(\lambda\vec{u},\vec{v})$
VectorCurlCurlIntegrator $H_1^d$, $L_2^d$ S 2D, 3D $(\lambda\curl\vec{u},\curl\vec{v})$
VectorDiffusionIntegrator $H_1^d$, $L_2^d$ S 1D, 2D, 3D $(\lambda\grad u_i,\grad v_i)$ Produces a block diagonal matrix where $i\in[0,dim)$ indicates the index of the block
ElasticityIntegrator $H_1^d$, $L_2^d$ $2\times$S 1D, 2D, 3D $(c_{ikjl}\grad u_j,\grad v_i)$ Takes two scalar coefficients $\lambda$ and $\mu$ and produces a $dim\times dim$ block structured matrix where $i$ and $j$ are indices in this matrix. The coefficient is defined by $c_{ikjl} = \lambda\delta_{ik}\delta_{jl}+\mu(\delta_{ij}\delta_{kl}+\delta_{il}\delta_{jk})$

### Mixed Operators

Class Name Domain Range Coef. Dimension Operator
VectorDivergenceIntegrator $H_1^d$, $L_2^d$ H1, L2 S 1D, 2D, 3D $(\lambda\div\vec{u},v)$

## Discontinuous Galerkin Operators

Class Name Domain Range Operator Notes
DGTraceIntegrator H1, L2 H1, L2 $\alpha \left<\rho_u(\vec{u}\cdot\hat{n}) \{v\},[w]\right> \\ + \beta \left<\rho_u \abs{\vec{u}\cdot\hat{n}}[v],[w]\right>$
DGDiffusionIntegrator H1, L2 H1, L2 $-\left<\{Q\grad u\cdot\hat{n}\},[v]\right> \\ + \sigma \left<[u],\{Q\grad v\cdot\hat{n}\}\right> \\ + \kappa \left<\{h^{-1}Q\}[u],[v]\right>$
DGElasticityIntegrator H1, L2 H1, L2 see $(\ref{dg-elast})$
TraceJumpIntegrator $\left< v, [w] \right>$
NormalTraceJumpIntegrator $\left< v, \left[\vec{w}\cdot \vec{n}\right] \right>$

Integrator for the DG elasticity form, for the formulations see:

• PhD Thesis of Jonas De Basabe, High-Order Finite Element Methods for Seismic Wave Propagation, UT Austin, 2009, p. 23, and references therein
• Peter Hansbo and Mats G. Larson, Discontinuous Galerkin and the Crouzeix-Raviart Element: Application to Elasticity, PREPRINT 2000-09, p.3

$$- \left< \{ \tau(u) \}, [v] \right> + \alpha \left< \{ \tau(v) \}, [u] \right> + \kappa \left< h^{-1} \{ \lambda + 2 \mu \} [u], [v] \right>$$

where $\left< u, v\right> = \int_{F} u \cdot v$, and $F$ is a face which is either a boundary face $F_b$ of an element $K$ or an interior face $F_i$ separating elements $K_1$ and $K_2$.

In the bilinear form above $\tau(u)$ is traction, and it's also $\tau(u) = \sigma(u) \cdot \vec{n}$, where $\sigma(u)$ is stress, and $\vec{n}$ is the unit normal vector w.r.t. to $F$.

In other words, we have $$\label{dg-elast} - \left< \{ \sigma(u) \cdot \vec{n} \}, [v] \right> + \alpha \left< \{ \sigma(v) \cdot \vec{n} \}, [u] \right> + \kappa \left< h^{-1} \{ \lambda + 2 \mu \} [u], [v] \right>$$

For isotropic media $$\begin{split} \sigma(u) &= \lambda \nabla \cdot u I + 2 \mu \varepsilon(u) \\ &= \lambda \nabla \cdot u I + 2 \mu \frac{1}{2} \left( \nabla u + \nabla u^T \right) \\ &= \lambda \nabla \cdot u I + \mu \left( \nabla u + \nabla u^T \right) \end{split}$$

where $I$ is identity matrix, $\lambda$ and $\mu$ are Lame coefficients (see ElasticityIntegrator), $u, v$ are the trial and test functions, respectively.

The parameters $\alpha$ and $\kappa$ determine the DG method to use (when this integrator is added to the "broken" ElasticityIntegrator):

• IIPG, $\alpha = 0$, C. Dawson, S. Sun, M. Wheeler, Compatible algorithms for coupled flow and transport, Comp. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng., 193(23-26), 2565-2580, 2004.

• SIPG, $\alpha = -1$, M. Grote, A. Schneebeli, D. Schotzau, Discontinuous Galerkin Finite Element Method for the Wave Equation, SINUM, 44(6), 2408-2431, 2006.

• NIPG, $\alpha = 1$, B. Riviere, M. Wheeler, V. Girault, A Priori Error Estimates for Finite Element Methods Based on Discontinuous Approximation Spaces for Elliptic Problems, SINUM, 39(3), 902-931, 2001.

This is a 'Vector' integrator, i.e. defined for FE spaces using multiple copies of a scalar FE space.

## Special Purpose Integrators

These "integrators" do not actually perform integrations they merely alter the results of other integrators. As such they provide a convenient and easy way to reuse existing integrators in special situations rather than needing to reimplement their functionality.

Class Name Description
TransposeIntegrator Returns the transpose of the local matrix computed by another BilinearFormIntegrator
LumpedIntegrator Returns a diagonal local matrix where each entry is the sum of the corresponding row of a local matrix computed by another BilinearFormIntegrator (only implemented for square matrices)
InverseIntegrator Returns the inverse of the local matrix computed by another BilinearFormIntegrator which produces a square local matrix
SumIntegrator Returns the sum of a series of integrators with compatible dimensions (only implemented for square matrices)

## Weak Operators and Their Boundary Integrals

Weak operators use integration by parts to move a spatial derivative onto the test function. This results in an implied boundary integral that is often assumed to be zero but can be used to apply an non-homogeneous Neumann boundary condition.

### Operator with Scalar Range

The following weak operators require the range (or test) space to be $H_1$ i.e. a scalar basis function with a gradient operator. The implied natural boundary condition when using these operators is for the continuous boundary operator (shown in the last column) to be equal to zero. On the other hand an inhomogeneous Neumann boundary condition can be applied by using a linear form boundary integrator to compute this boundary term for a known function e.g. when using the DiffusionIntegrator one could provide a known function for $\lambda\,\grad u$ to the BoundaryNormalLFIntegrator which would then integrate the normal component of this function over the boundary of the domain. See Linear Form Integrators for more information.

Class Name Operator Continuous Op. Continuous Boundary Op.
DiffusionIntegrator $(\lambda\grad u, \grad v)$ $-\div(\lambda\grad u)$ $\lambda\,\hat{n}\cdot\grad u$
MixedGradGradIntegrator $(\lambda\grad u, \grad v)$ $-\div(\lambda\grad u)$ $\lambda\,\hat{n}\cdot\grad u$
MixedCrossGradGradIntegrator $(\vec{\lambda}\cross\grad u,\grad v)$ $-\div(\vec{\lambda}\cross\grad u)$ $\hat{n}\cdot(\vec{\lambda}\times\grad u)$
MixedScalarWeakDivergenceIntegrator $(-\vec{\lambda}u,\grad v)$ $\div(\vec{\lambda}u)$ $-\hat{n}\cdot\vec{\lambda}\,u$
MixedScalarWeakDerivativeIntegrator $(-\lambda u, \ddx{v})$ $\ddx{}(\lambda u)\;$ $-\hat{n}\cdot\hat{x}\,\lambda\,u$
MixedVectorWeakDivergenceIntegrator $(-\lambda\vec{u},\grad v)$ $\div(\lambda\vec{u})$ $-\hat{n}\cdot(\lambda\,\vec{u})$
MixedWeakDivCrossIntegrator $(-\vec{\lambda}\cross\vec{u},\grad v)$ $\div(\vec{\lambda}\cross\vec{u})$ $-\hat{n}\cdot(\vec{\lambda}\times\vec{u})$
MixedCrossCurlGradIntegrator $(\vec{\lambda}\cross\curl\vec{u},\grad v)$ $-\div(\vec{\lambda}\cross\curl\vec{u})$ $\hat{n}\cdot(\vec{\lambda}\cross\curl\vec{u})$
MixedDivGradIntegrator $(\vec{\lambda}\div\vec{u}, \grad v)$ $-\div(\vec{\lambda}\div\vec{u})$ $\hat{n}\cdot(\vec{\lambda}\div\vec{u})$

### Operator with Vector Range

The following weak operators require the range (or test) space to be H(Curl) i.e. a vector basis function with a curl operator. The implied natural boundary condition when using these operators is for the continuous boundary operator (shown in the last column) to be equal to zero. On the other hand an non-homogeneous Neumann boundary condition can be applied by using a linear form boundary integrator to compute this boundary term for a known function e.g. when using the CurlCurlIntegrator one could provide a known function for $\lambda\,\curl\vec{u}$ to the VectorFEBoundaryTangentLFIntegrator which would then integrate the product of the tangential portion of this function with that of the ND basis function over the boundary of the domain. See Linear Form Integrators for more information.

Class Name Operator Continuous Op. Continuous Boundary Op.
CurlCurlIntegrator $(\lambda\curl\vec{u},\curl\vec{v})$ $\curl(\lambda\curl\vec{u})$ $\lambda\,\hat{n}\times\curl\vec{u}$
MixedCurlCurlIntegrator $(\lambda\curl\vec{u},\curl\vec{v})$ $\curl(\lambda\curl\vec{u})$ $\lambda\,\hat{n}\times\curl\vec{u}$
MixedCrossCurlCurlIntegrator $(\vec{\lambda}\cross\curl\vec{u},\curl\vec{v})$ $\curl(\vec{\lambda}\cross\curl\vec{u})$ $\hat{n}\times(\vec{\lambda}\cross\curl\vec{u})$
MixedCrossGradCurlIntegrator $(\vec{\lambda}\cross\grad u,\curl\vec{v})$ $\curl(\vec{\lambda}\cross\grad u)$ $\hat{n}\times(\vec{\lambda}\cross\grad u)$
MixedVectorWeakCurlIntegrator $(\lambda\vec{u},\curl\vec{v})$ $\curl(\lambda\vec{u})$ $\lambda\,\hat{n}\times\vec{u}$
MixedScalarWeakCurlIntegrator $(\lambda u,\curl\vec{v})$ $\curl(\lambda\,u\,\hat{z})\;$ $\lambda\,u\,\hat{n}\times\hat{z}$
MixedWeakCurlCrossIntegrator $(\vec{\lambda}\cross\vec{u},\curl\vec{v})$ $\curl(\vec{\lambda}\cross\vec{u})$ $\hat{n}\times(\vec{\lambda}\cross\vec{u})$
MixedScalarWeakCurlCrossIntegrator $(\vec{\lambda}\cross\vec{u},\curl\vec{v})$ $\curl(\vec{\lambda}\cross\vec{u})$ $\hat{n}\times(\vec{\lambda}\cross\vec{u})$

The following weak operators require the range (or test) space to be H(Div) i.e. a vector basis function with a divergence operator. The implied natural boundary condition when using these operators is for the continuous boundary operator (shown in the last column) to be equal to zero. On the other hand an non-homogeneous Neumann boundary condition can be applied by using a linear form boundary integrator to compute this boundary term for a known function e.g. when using the DivDivIntegrator one could provide a known function for $\lambda\,\div\vec{u}$ to the VectorFEBoundaryFluxLFIntegrator which would then integrate the product of this function with the normal component of the RT basis function over the boundary of the domain. See Linear Form Integrators for more information.

Class Name Operator Continuous Op. Continuous Boundary Op.
DivDivIntegrator $(\lambda\div\vec{u},\div\vec{v})$ $-\grad(\lambda\div\vec{u})$ $\lambda\div\vec{u}\,\hat{n}$
MixedGradDivIntegrator $(\vec{\lambda}\cdot\grad u, \div\vec{v})$ $-\grad(\vec{\lambda}\cdot\grad u)$ $\vec{\lambda}\cdot\grad u\,\hat{n}$
MixedScalarWeakGradientIntegrator $(-\lambda u, \div\vec{v})$ $\grad(\lambda u)$ $-\lambda u\,\hat{n}$
MixedWeakGradDotIntegrator $(-\vec{\lambda}\cdot\vec{u},\div\vec{v})$ $\grad(\vec{\lambda}\cdot\vec{u})$ $-\vec{\lambda}\cdot\vec{u}\,\hat{n}$